The Befana is one of the most deeply rooted symbols in the Italian tradition, a figure that mixes myth, religion and popular folklore. Every year, on the 6th of January, this old lady with a big nose riding her broom returns to make children and adults dream, bringing sweets and gifts to good children, and coal to those who, at least according to legend, have not been.
The origins of the Befana: between myth and Christianity
The figure of the Befana has deep roots that sink in ancient pagan celebrations. In the Roman tradition, during the days following the winter solstice, rites were celebrated in honor of nature and rebirth. It was thought that, in these magical nights, female figures flew over the fields to promote fertility and future crops. With the advent of Christianity, these traditions were reinterpreted. The legend says that the Three Kings, on their way to Bethlehem, stopped and asked an old woman for directions. Despite their invitation to join the pilgrimage, the woman refused. She repented soon after, prepared a sack full of gifts and set out to look for them, stopping at every house to leave presents for the children, in the hope that one of them was little Jesus. This symbolic gesture of repentance and generosity gave rise to the tradition of the Befana as bearer of gifts.
The evolution of a popular symbol
Over the centuries, the Befana has become an iconic figure of Italian folklore. Traditionally depicted as an old lady dressed in rags, with a worn handkerchief or hat and her inseparable broom, the Befana embodies a benevolent figure, even if a little grumpy. Over time, this tradition has also taken on an educational role: the sweets in the sock symbolize the reward for virtuous behavior, while the charcoal represents a nice warning to less disciplined children.
The celebrations of the Befana in Italy
The Befana is celebrated throughout Italy, but some cities and towns have particularly suggestive traditions and characteristics.
The Feast of the Befana in Piazza Navona, Rome
In Rome, Piazza Navona becomes the beating heart of the celebrations for the Epiphany. The famous Befana market enlivens the square with stalls full of sweets, toys and Christmas decorations, offering a unique atmosphere. On 6 January, the arrival of the Befana is welcomed with events and shows for children, transforming this historic square into a magical place where past and present merge.
Urbania: Capital of the Befana
In the small village of Urbania, in the Marche region, the Befana is the undisputed protagonist. For the occasion, the city organizes a big party that includes shows, workshops for children and a parade in which the Befana falls from the bell tower. This celebration has become one of the most beloved in Italy, attracting thousands of visitors every year.
The Befana del Mare in Venice
In Venice, the Befana arrives… by boat! On 6 January, the canals of the lagoon city host a special regatta in which rowers dressed as Befana compete in an atmosphere of joy and folklore.
The Befana Today: a timeless symbol
Today, the Befana is more than ever a symbol of Italian cultural identity. The stockings hanging from the fireplace or at the foot of the bed, filled with sweets or sweetened coal, are a ritual that continues to unite generations. Beyond tradition, the Befana represents values such as generosity, forgiveness and hope, offering a sweet farewell to the Christmas season. Whether you are in Piazza Navona, Urbania or at home with your loved ones, the magic of the Befana continues to live, renewing every year an ancient history that, between myth and reality, belongs to us all.
Author: Katia La Rosa
Cover: Pixabay